Click on a heading to expand or collapse that heading’s content.
- Who has the overall discipline authority in schools?
Schools districts are required to adopt and implement a written policy on school conduct and discipline, which shall describe the roles of:
- teachers
- administrators
- board of education members
- parents
See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.2(l), http://www.p12.nysed.gov/part100/pages/1002.html#l
- What is detention and when is it permitted?
Detention shall be defined in the local code of conduct.
What is a code of conduct? Each board of education shall adopt and enforce a written code of conduct to maintain order of school property and at school functions.
- The code of conduct regulates the conduct of students, teachers, and other school personnel and visitors.
- The code of conduct shall include, but is not limited to, provisions for detention, suspension and removal of students from the classroom. See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.2(l), http://www.p12.nysed.gov/part100/pages/1002.html#l.
What will the written code of conduct include?
- student conduct that is prohibited
- range of penalties
- appropriate disciplinary measures for violations according to seriousness and record of student
*The code of conduct shall be publicized and explained and be provided in writing to all parents on an annual basis.
- Under what circumstances can a student by suspended or expelled?
Each board of education’s written code of conduct shall include provisions for detention, suspension and removal from the classroom of students, including:
- A minimum suspension period for any student who repeatedly is substantially disruptive of the educational process or substantially interferes with the teacher’s authority over the classroom. The suspending authority may reduce such period on a case-by-case basis to be consistent with any other State and Federal Law. See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.2(l), http://www.p12.nysed.gov/part100/pages/1002.html#l.
- Removal from the classroom, school property and school functions: The code of conduct shall also include provisions for removing students and others who violate the code from the classroom and from school property and school functions. It shall also include provisions describing the period for which a disruptive student may be removed from the classroom for each incident, because students may not return to the classroom until the principal makes a final decision about their removal.
- Disciplinary measures: School districts must also implement a written policy on conduct and discipline, which must include disciplinary measures for violation of the school policies, appropriate to the seriousness of the offense and, where applicable, to the previous disciplinary record of the student.
The student code should be consistent with certain laws: Whatever suspension or expulsion action taken by a school district must be consistent with Education Law section 3214 and other applicable Federal, State and local laws including provisions for the school authorities to establish policies and procedures to ensure the provision of continued educational programming and activities for students removed from the classroom, placed in detention, or suspended from school, which shall include alternative educational programs appropriate to individual student needs.
- What are the types of suspension and the processes for each?
New York state policies do not describe specific types of suspension. These policies are set by the individual school districts / boards of education.
- What notice is the student (and parent) entitled for a suspension?
Each board of education’s written code of conduct is required to include provisions that detail the circumstances and procedures to notify parents about a student’s code violations.
Notification in writing: When a student is recommended for suspension for 5 days or less, the school district shall immediately notify the parents in writing that the student may be suspended from school.
Notification by phone: Where possible, notification shall also be provided by phone if the school has been provided with a phone number(s) for the purpose of contacting parents. Such notice shall provide a description of the incident(s) for which suspension is proposed and shall inform the parents of their right to request an immediate informal conference with the principal.
The right to an informal conference with the principal: The notice and informal conference shall be in the dominant language or mode of communication used by the parents. It should take place before the suspension of the student unless the student’s presence in the school poses a continuing danger to persons or property or an ongoing threat of disruption to the academic process. If that is the case, the notice and opportunity for an informal conference shall take place as soon after the suspension as is reasonably practicable. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.2(l)(4).
- What is the expulsion hearing process?
Individual schools districts / boards of education establish the processes for expulsion.
- What does “zero tolerance” mean?
“Zero tolerance” is not a term considered by the New York Education Law or Education Department’s regulations. Each board of education is required to adopt and enforce a written code of conduct for the maintenance of order on school property and at school functions, which shall regulate the conduct of students, teachers, and other school personnel and visitors. See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.2(l), http://www.p12.nysed.gov/part100/pages/1002.html#l.
- Is corporal punishment at schools permitted?
Yes, corporal punishment is allowed by the New York regulations.
“Corporal Punishment” is any act of physical force upon a student for the purpose of punishing that student, but shall not mean the use of reasonable physical force for any of the following purposes:
- to protect oneself, another student or teacher or any other person, from physical injury;
- to protect the property of the school or of others; or
- to restrain or remove a student whose behavior is interfering with the orderly performance of school district functions, powers or duties and that student refused to comply with a request to refrain from further disruptive acts.
N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.2(l)(3)(i).
Each school district must submit a written semiannual report to the Commissioner of Education by January 15 and July 15 of each year, setting forth the substance of each complaint about the use of corporal punishment received by the local school authorities during the reporting period, the results of each investigation, and the action, if any, taken by the school authorities in each case. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.2(l)(3)(iI).
- Is there a state policy on bullying?
Yes, the New York State Education Department has created a Bullying Prevention Program (BPP). http://www.p12.nysed.gov/sss/ssae/schoolsafety/sdfsca/BullyingPreventionProgramBPP.html
- What is the Bullying Prevention Program (BPP)?
BPP is a program to reduce and prevent bully/victim problems in schools. School staff has the primary responsibility for the introduction and implementation of the program.
What are the core components of BPP?
School-wide components include the administration of:
- an anonymous questionnaire to assess the nature and prevalence of bullying at each school,
- a school conference day to discuss bullying at school and plan interventions,
- formation of a Bullying Prevention Coordinating Committee to coordinate all aspects of the school’s program, and
- increased supervision of students at “hot spots” for bullying.
Classroom components include the establishment and enforcement of class rules against bullying, and holding regular class meetings with students.
Individual components include interventions with children identified as bullies and victims, and discussions with parents of involved students. Teachers may be assisted in these efforts by counselors and school-based mental health professionals.
The New York State Education Department’s website includes online resources: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/sss/ssae/schoolsafety/sdfsca/bullying.html
The New York State Education Department website includes links to Bullying Resources: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/sss/ssae/schoolsafety/sdfsca/home.html#bullying
- Are there dress code requirements for schools?
Each board of education’s written code of conduct shall include provisions regarding conduct, dress and language that is and is not acceptable on school property and at school functions. See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.2(l), http://www.p12.nysed.gov/part100/pages/1002.html#l
- Who is considered an ELL / LEP Student?
An ELL/LEP student is any student who has been identified by any English language assessment instrument approved by the Commission as a student of limited English proficiency. The student shall receive a program of bilingual education of English as a second language in accordance with the standards established by the Commissioner. N.Y. Educ. Law § 3204(3).
These standards are established in the regulations, N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, Part 154, which are available online at
- What is the assessment test used for ELL / LEP? What are the procedures to identify an ELL / LEP Student?
New York State has a 4-step LEP Identification Process [http://www.p12.nysed.gov/biling/bilinged/pub/LEPproc.pdf]
- What instructional programs are available for ELLs?
In New York, a student that is LEP may be placed in either:
- a bilingual education program, or
- a free-standing English as a second language program
N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, §§ 154.2(d), (e), 154.3(g)
Both programs of instruction are composed of 2 components:
- a language arts instructional component, and
- a content area instructional component.
Bilingual Education Program:
a) Language arts: Includes
- English language arts instruction provided to students at the advanced level of English language proficiency for a minimum of 1 unit of study or its equivalent, divided into equal daily instructional time
- Native language arts instruction, and provided to students in a bilingual education program for at least 1 unit of study or its equivalent and shall be provided in equal daily instructional time
- English as a second language instruction designed to develop skills in understanding, speaking, reading, writing and communicating in English through the integration of academic content appropriate for the student’s age, grade level, and English language skills. The time requirements for ESL instruction within a bilingual education program shall be the same as those established for the ESL instruction within a free-standing ESL program
b) Content area: Provides grade and age level appropriate instruction in the required content area subject in the native language and English, and designed to develop the cognitive skills of limited English proficient students.
Free-standing English as a second language program:
a) Language arts: Includes
- English language arts instruction provided to students at the advanced level of English language proficiency for a minimum of 1 unit of study or its equivalent, divided into equal daily instructional time
- English as a second language instruction designed to develop skills in understanding, speaking, reading, writing and communicating in English through the integration of academic content appropriate for the student’s age, grade level, and English language skills. ESL instruction shall be provided in equal daily instructional time to:
- K-8, beginning and intermediate: minimum of 2 units of study or its equivalent;
- K-8, advanced: minimum of 1 unit of study or its equivalent;
- 9-12, beginning: minimum of 3 units of study or its equivalent;
- 9-12, intermediate: minimum of 2 units of study or its equivalent;
- 9-12, advanced: minimum of 1 unit of study or its equivalent.
b) Content area –Provides grade and age level appropriate instruction in the required content area subject in English supported by ESL methodologies, and shall be designed to develop the cognitive skills if limited English proficient students.
- How are ELL students identified as having a disability?
The school district shall refer limited English proficient students who are suspected of having a disability to the committee on special education and assure that a bilingual multidisciplinary assessment is conducted before the committee identifies students with limited English proficiency as having a disability. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 154.3(e).
Other helpful links
The New York State Education Department includes a Bilingual Education office. http://www.p12.nysed.gov/biling/bilinged/
- Does the state have any state policy on ability grouping?
Gifted students: Students who show evidence of high performance capability and exceptional potential in general intellectual ability, special academic aptitude and outstanding ability in visual and performing arts. These include students who require educational programs or services beyond those normally provided by the regular school program in order to realize their full potential.
Identifying gifted students: Using the broad definition of gifted students is how they should be identification. A school district’s philosophy of gifted education, identification practices, and program should be consistent with the State definition.
- Does the state guarantee students access to any specific classes or quality of classes (i.e., college preparatory, etc.)?
No, New York does not guarantee access to specific classes beyond those necessary for the diploma options. However, the regulations impose the following requirements on high schools:
- High schools must make available to their students all of the options for earning a diploma. Sufficient instruction shall be provided to meet all the State learning standards.
- Advanced courses which give a student convey credit toward a high school diploma and also give a student convey higher education credit may be made available through arrangements with higher education institutions.
- A public school district shall not impose any fee on students for any instruction or program required by this section and leading to a high school diploma.
N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.2(q).
- Does the state require schools to have Gifted & Talented programs? Are there any admission requirements?
No, New York does not appear to require that schools have a Gifted & Talented program.
Screening requirements: Local school districts are required to screen all new students to identify children who might have a disability, be limited English proficient/English Language learner, and/or gifted. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, Part 117.
Identification of gifted: A student identified as possibly gifted shall be reported to the superintendent of schools and to the parent or legal guardian no later than 15 calendar days after completion of the screening. The referral shall be accompanied by the report of the screening. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 117.3(g).
Helpful links
The New York State Education Department has resources available to assist the schools districts’ gifted and talented programs. http://www.p12.nysed.gov/ciai/gt/home.html
There are gifted and talented curriculum resources for the Arts, English Language Arts, Languages Other than English, Mathematics, Science and Technology, Physical Education, and Social Studies. http://www.p12.nysed.gov/ciai/gt/gift/gift1.html
- What are the state’s graduation requirements?
New York State’s General Education and Diploma Requirements are in Section 100.5 of the Education Department Regulations. See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.5, http://www.p12.nysed.gov/part100/pages/1005.html
The following diplomas/certificates are available in the State of New York:
- Regents diploma
- Regents diploma with an advanced designation
- State high school equivalency diploma, see N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.7, http://www.p12.nysed.gov/part100/pages/1007.html
- High School Individualized Education Program Diploma, see N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.9, http://www.p12.nysed.gov/part100/pages/1009.html
- Regents diploma, or Regents diploma with an advanced designation, with an affixed technical endorsement awarded upon completion of an approved career and technical education program
- Local diploma: Students with disabilities who are entitled to attend school can earn a “local diploma.”
Regents Diploma Requirements
For Regents diplomas, students shall meet the beginning level New York State learning standards by successfully completing 22 units of credit and 5 New York State assessments (i.e., the Regents examinations).
Note: There are additional requirements to graduate with a Regents diploma with an advanced designation.
Classes required for Regents Diploma: Students must earn at least 22 units of credit to receive a Regents diploma. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.5(a)(3), (4). Those units shall include:
Requirements for Regents Diploma
Subject Area
Regents Diploma
(units)
English
4
Mathematics1
3
Science2
3
Social Sciences3
4
Health Education
1/2
Visual Arts, Music, Dance, Theater
1
Physical Education
2
Language other than English4
1
Footnotes:
- Mathematics: (more advanced level than grade eight; no more than 2 credits in any of Integrated Algebra, Geometry, or Algebra 2 and Trigonometry)
- Science: must include:
- life science: 1 unit
- physical science: 1 unit
- Social Studies: must include:
- American history: 1 unit
- Government: ½ unit
- Economics: ½ unit
- Language Other than English for a student with a disability: a student with a disability that negatively affects the ability to learn a language may be excused from the language other than English requirement if the student’s individualized education program (IEP) indicates that such requirement is not appropriate to the student’s special education needs
Total units: Students must complete additional units in English language arts, mathematics, social studies, science, the arts, languages other than English, career and technical education, or any other subject area aside from the required in each subject area to amount to a total of 22 units
Technology requirement: New York State learning standards in technology may be met either through a course in technology education or through an integrated course combining technology with mathematics and/or science
Parenting requirement: New York State learning standards for parenting may be met through a separate course in parenting or through integration in a course in health of family and consumer sciences
Required Tests for Regents Diploma: To graduate with a Regents diploma, students must pass 5 state assessments (the Regents examinations). A score of 65 is passing. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.5(a)(5).
- English
- Mathematics
- United States history and government
- Science
- Global history and geography
Also available online: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/ciai/gradreq/intro.html
Students with disabilities: For students with disabilities who are entitled to attend school per N.Y. Educ. Law § 3202 or 4402(5):
- Who first enter grade 9 before September 2011 and who fail a Regents examination: the requirements for a local diploma may be met by passing the Regents competency test in that subject or its equivalent.
- Who first enter grade 9 in September 2005 and thereafter: the requirements for a local diploma may also be met by passing the Regents comprehensive examination in the 5 subjects listed above with a score of 55-64.
*The regulations do not state the number of times a student may take the required Regents examinations.
Regents Diploma with advanced designation
Required classes to graduate with Regents Diploma with advanced designation: To graduate with a Regents diploma with advanced designation, a student must also take, in addition to the requirements for a Regents diploma, the following classes:
Language Other than English: an additional 2 units (for a total of 3 units), or the student may take a 5-unit sequence in career and technical education or the arts (visual arts, music, dance, and theatre).
Required examinations to graduate with Regents Diploma with advanced designation: To graduate with a Regents diploma with advanced designation, a student must pass, in addition to (or in place of) the requirements for a Regents diploma, the following examinations:
- Mathematics: Students entering grade 9 in September 2009 and thereafter must pass all 3 beginning level Regents examinations [Mathematics A or Integrated Algebra, Geometry, and Algebra 2 and Trigonometry]
- Science: Students must pass a total of 2 Regents examinations in science (one in a life science and one in a physical science)
- Language Other than English (unless exempt through an Individualized Education Program, or using a 5-unit sequence in career and technical education or the arts (visual arts, music, dance, and theatre)).
National standards: the State of New York’s regulations do not reference the use of National standards; instead New York relies on New York State Learning Standards, and the use of its own General Education and Diploma Requirements (including the Regents examinations) under N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 8, § 100.5.
- State Parental Resource and Information Centers
The New York State Parental Information and Resource Center’s (PIRC) website can be found here: http://www.nyspirc.org/info/.
New York has two (2) PIRCs, which are sponsored by: (1) the Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE) of Jefferson County, and (2) EPIC – Every Person Influences Children.
CCE-PIRC
The CCE-PIRC programs include:
- Parents as Teachers – Home visiting program for families in Jefferson County, (an area covering 11 school districts) with children age (5 and under.
- Parenting Education– Services include workshops, family resource rooms, and individual consultations.
- Professional Development for Educators – Workshops and consultation for administrators, teachers, school personnel, and other professionals regarding family engagement.
- Technical Assistance Guides for Schools – Request free individualized or group assistance for schools and districts to help strengthen family engagement by filling out a School Consultation Needs form
The CCE-PIRC can be contacted at:
New York State Parental Information and Resource Center
Cornell Cooperative Extension of Jefferson County
203 North Hamilton Street
Watertown, NY 13601
Phone: (315) 788-8450
Fax: (315) 788-8461
Email: info@nyspirc.org
EPIC-PRC
EPIC-PIRC runs several programs including:
- Parenting Programs, where parents are invited to participate in interactive discussion groups to share their parenting concerns, learn from other parents, and gain confidence and skills necessary to become effective parents.
-
- Ready, Set, Parent!
- Ready, Set, Read
- Parenting Young Children Workshops
- Helping your Child Succeed in School
- Demystifying the Facts about No Child Left Behind
- Taking Charge of your Child’s Future
- Leadership Programs, including specialized trainings to help strengthen the partnerships between families, schools, and communities.
EPIC’s national office contact information is:
National EPIC Office
1000 Main Street
Buffalo, NY 14202
Phone: 716-332-4140
Fax: 716-332-4101
Email: Nationalinfo@epicforchildren.org
Web: http://www.epicforchildren.org
Contact information is listed below for EPIC PIRC’s other locations in New York:
Bronx
PS 306
40 West Tremont Avenue
Room 251
Bronx, NY 10453
Tel: 718-294-1494
Fax: 718-294-1522
Yesenia Centeno
Buffalo
1000 Main St.
Buffalo, NY 14202
Tel: 716-332-4191
Fax: 716-332-4101
Felicia Santiago
Fallsburg
Benjamin Cosor Elementary School
P.O. Box 123
15 Old Falls Rd.,
Fallsburg, NY 12733
Tel: 845-434-0185
Fax: 845-434-0285
Ruth Stratton
Monticello
Cooke Elementary School
69 Richardson Ave.
Monticello, NY 12701
Tel: 845-794-8830
Ruth Stratton
Queens
IS 204
36-41 28th St.
Room B39
Long Island City, NY 11106
Tel: 718-706-7071
Fax: 718-706-7063
Tiffany Lamela
Rochester
RCSD Office of Parent Engagement
690 St. Paul St.
Room 337
Rochester, NY 14605
Tel. 585-262-8312
Fax: 585-436-9397
Cathy Little
Syracuse
2122 Erie Blvd. East
Syracuse, NY 13224
Tel: 315-435-4890
Fax: 315-435-4846
http://www.childrensconsortium.org/
Liz Sapio
lsapio@childrensconsortium.org
Yonkers
School 10
75 Riverdale Ave.
Room 213
Yonkers, NY 10701
Tel: 914-376-8277
Fax: 914-376-8604
Judith Nugent
STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Contact information for the New York State Education Department (NYSED):
New York State Education Department
89 Washington Avenue
Albany, New York 12234
Frequently requested contact information can be found online: http://usny.nysed.gov/contact.html
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, OFFICE OF CIVIL RIGHTS
Contact information for the New York office
The Department of Education (DOE), Office of Civil Rights (OCR) office for New York is located at:
New York Office
Office for Civil Rights
U.S. Department of Education
32 Old Slip, 26th Floor
New York, NY 10005-2500
Telephone: 646-428-3900
FAX: 646-428-3843; TDD: 877-521-2172
Email: OCR.NewYork@ed.gov
GENERAL: The New York Legislature’s website contains information about laws and legislation. The Laws of New York are available online, including the Education Law. The New York Codes, Rules and Regulations are also available online, through the New York Department of State.The New York State Parental Information and Resource Center’s (PIRC) website can be found here: http://www.nyspirc.org/info/.
New York has two (2) PIRCs, which are sponsored by: (1) the Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE) of Jefferson County, and (2) EPIC – Every Person Influences Children.
CCE-PIRC
The CCE-PIRC programs include:
· Parents as Teachers – Home visiting program for families in Jefferson County, (an area covering 11 school districts) with children age (5 and under.
· Parenting Education– Services include workshops, family resource rooms, and individual consultations.
· Professional Development for Educators – Workshops and consultation for administrators, teachers, school personnel, and other professionals regarding family engagement.
· Technical Assistance Guides for Schools – Request free individualized or group assistance for schools and districts to help strengthen family engagement by filling out a School Consultation Needs form
The CCE-PIRC can be contacted at:
New York State Parental Information and Resource Center
Cornell Cooperative Extension of Jefferson County
203 North Hamilton Street
Watertown, NY 13601
Phone: (315) 788-8450
Fax: (315) 788-8461
Email: info@nyspirc.org
EPIC-PRC
EPIC-PIRC runs several programs including:
· Parenting Programs, where parents are invited to participate in interactive discussion groups to share their parenting concerns, learn from other parents, and gain confidence and skills necessary to become effective parents.
-
- Ready, Set, Parent!
- Ready, Set, Read
- Parenting Young Children Workshops
- Helping your Child Succeed in School
- Demystifying the Facts about No Child Left Behind
- Taking Charge of your Child’s Future
· Leadership Programs, including specialized trainings to help strengthen the partnerships between families, schools, and communities.
EPIC’s national office contact information is:
National EPIC Office
1000 Main Street
Buffalo, NY 14202
Phone: 716-332-4140
Fax: 716-332-4101
Email: Nationalinfo@epicforchildren.org
Web: http://www.epicforchildren.org
Contact information is listed below for EPIC PIRC’s other locations in New York:
Bronx
PS 306
40 West Tremont Avenue
Room 251
Bronx, NY 10453
Tel: 718-294-1494
Fax: 718-294-1522
Yesenia Centeno
Buffalo
1000 Main St.
Buffalo, NY 14202
Tel: 716-332-4191
Fax: 716-332-4101
Felicia Santiago
Fallsburg
Benjamin Cosor Elementary School
P.O. Box 123
15 Old Falls Rd.,
Fallsburg, NY 12733
Tel: 845-434-0185
Fax: 845-434-0285
Ruth Stratton
Monticello
Cooke Elementary School
69 Richardson Ave.
Monticello, NY 12701
Tel: 845-794-8830
Ruth Stratton
Queens
IS 204
36-41 28th St.
Room B39
Long Island City, NY 11106
Tel: 718-706-7071
Fax: 718-706-7063
Tiffany Lamela
Rochester
RCSD Office of Parent Engagement
690 St. Paul St.
Room 337
Rochester, NY 14605
Tel. 585-262-8312
Fax: 585-436-9397
Cathy Little
Syracuse
2122 Erie Blvd. East
Syracuse, NY 13224
Tel: 315-435-4890
Fax: 315-435-4846
http://www.childrensconsortium.org/
Liz Sapio
lsapio@childrensconsortium.org
Yonkers
School 10
75 Riverdale Ave.
Room 213
Yonkers, NY 10701
Tel: 914-376-8277
Fax: 914-376-8604
Judith Nugent
STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Contact information for the New York State Education Department (NYSED):
New York State Education Department
89 Washington Avenue
Albany, New York 12234
Frequently requested contact information can be found online: http://usny.nysed.gov/contact.html
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, OFFICE OF CIVIL RIGHTS
Contact information for the New York office
The Department of Education (DOE), Office of Civil Rights (OCR) office for New York is located at:
New York Office
Office for Civil Rights
U.S. Department of Education
32 Old Slip, 26th Floor
New York, NY 10005-2500
Telephone: 646-428-3900
FAX: 646-428-3843; TDD: 877-521-2172
Email: OCR.NewYork@ed.gov
GENERAL: The New York Legislature’s website contains information about laws and legislation. The Laws of New York are available online, including the Education Law. The New York Codes, Rules and Regulations are also available online, through the New York Department of State.